link the html-file to the css-file
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">
comment in css
/* comment */
syntax of the css statement / rule
p {
color: red; /* (p => selector, color:red; => declaration) */
} /* color => property, red => value) */
set rule with 2 declerations for p ⇒ red and bold
p {
color: red;
font_weight: bold;
}
Cascade Rules (but Specificity overrules - see below)
p { /* cascading rules (from top to bottom, step by step) */
color: red; /* output is blue+bold */
font_weight: bold;
}
p {
color: blue;
}
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https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/
Define red color for element
color: red;
Define color with hex code
color: #FF0000;
Defome color with rgb code (4th parameter is opaque - 0.5. means half transparent, 1 no transparent)
color: rgba(255,0,0,1);
define color per hsla value
color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%,1);
Font bold
font_weight: bold;
Define when a font is downloaded from eg. google fonts
font_weight: 700;
Define font size with 25 pixel
font-size: 25px;
Font italic / cursive
font-style: italic;
Defines line-height as 1.5 of the normal height
line-height: 1.5;
Define text decoration a red underline
text-decoration: underline red;
Define text with line-through
text-decoration: line-through;
Center text / or list-entries in ul
text-align: center;
Display text as blocktext (left and right in a line)
text-align: justify;
Make text uppercased
text-transform: uppercase;
Define background color
background-color: #e2b007;
Define border of element (width, style, color) - "shorthand"-method
border: 3px solid #FFA500;
Define border of element (width, style, color) - "shorthand"-method
border: thin solid red;
Define only the bottom-border - "longhand"-method
border-bottom: 6px dashed #FFA500;
Define only the bottom-border-width - "longhand"-method
border-bottom-width: 12px;
Define a border radius with 5 pixel - "shorthand"-method
border-radius: 5px;
Define the border radius for top right corner - "longhand"-method
border-top-right-radius: 5px;
Define border color with red
border-color: red;
Define border width with 1px/2px (clockwise ⇒ up-rigth-down-left)
border-width: 1px 2px 1px 2px;
Define border style
border-style: solid;
Height of the box
height: 100px;
Margin of the box (outside the border, for all 4 sites) - "shorthand"-setting
margin: 20px;
Margin of the box (10 pixel for top/bottom and 20 pixel for left/right)
margin: 10px 20px;
Margin of the box (clockwise from tom) ⇒ 10px top, 20px right, 0px bottom, 115px left
margin: 10px 20px 0 15px;
Margin of the box ⇒ will do this clockwise for top+right and bottom-left ⇒ 100px for top+bottom, 0 for right+left
margin: 100px 0;
Set the margin automatc - wg. when the width is set to a percentage
margin: auto;
Center the content horizontal
margin: 0 auto;
Setting the margin to 10 pixel - "longhand"-method
margin-top: 10px
Padding on all sides
padding: 20px;
Padding only on the bottom side (values are going clockwise starting at the top)
padding: 0 0 20px 0;
Padding on the left and right - no padding at top and bottom
padding: 0 10px;
Setting the padding to 6 pixel - "longhand"-method
padding-left: 6px
Define width in percent (relative to the width of the parent element)
width: 50%;
Define width (calculated on elements font size - when font-size=14px - the width would be 70px (5*14)
width: 5em;
Define width (and reserve additional 10px for eg. the margin of each element)
width: calc(33.3% - 20px)
Define height of element
height: 200px;
Resize something eg. img
max-width:20%;
Prevents the eg. image from getting bigger than its original size
max-width:100%;
Resize something eg. img
max-height:20%;
no bullets in unordered list (using at ul-element)
list-style-type: none;
hide element
disply: none;
show element in line - eg. horizontal li-elements - or wrap border only around a paragraph p (and not the whole block)
display: inline;
show element as a block (max width of the window) - eg. wrap border around a span element over the whole window (and not only the span)
display: block;
show elements in the block in a line - eg. all p-elements in a div-element
display: inline-block;
show elements in the block in the flex system
display: flex;
Define floating for an image (text will float her on the right side of the image)
float: left;
Clear floating (for left and right)
clear: both;
Change the background fading in for 5 seconds (eg. going from white to dark blue)
transistion: background 5s;
Static element - is not positioned in any way (position tags top-bottom-left-rigth will have no effect)
position: static;
With the position tags (top, botom, left, right) the element is shifted away from its normal position
position: relative;
Element stays according the position tags - but will not change the place even if the windows is scrolled
position: fixed;
Default-value - we can see the content when it overflows
overflow: visible;
Hides the overflow (can not see the text which is outside the box)
overflow: hidden;
Shows a scrollbar when the content is overflowing
overflow: auto;
Can overlap other elements - element with the highest z-index in front
z-index: 2;
Make a picture darker
filter: brightness(40%);
Make cursor a pointer when going over the element
cursor: pointer;
Disable highlighting of text selection
user-select: none;
Make copyright-sign
©
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center an unordered list
ul {
text-align: center; # center the whole ul in the block
}
ul li {
display: inline-block; # arrange list elements vertically
list-style-type: none; # not dots for the list elements
}
show sepeartor between unordered list
li + li:before{
content: " | ";
padding: 0 3px;
}
resize a block element and center it
(if using only "width" => when the window is to small - the browser resolves this with a horizontal scrollbar)
(so its better to use "max-width" => this reduces the width when the windows is / becomes to small)
max-width: 600px;
margin: 0 auto;
let a image float right - and let the text float around it in the left and bottom area around the picture
img {
float: right;
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
}
when floating and the image is bigger then the element use this so the element is adjusted to the image heigth
.clearfix {
overflow: auto;
}
nav menue on the left side - with several section beside the nav in the right area
(with a percentage parameter - better then fixed px-amounts especially when using smaller windows)
nav {
float: left;
width: 25%;}
section {
margin-left: 25%;
}
show all elements in a div-block flexible as inline
div {
display: inline-block;
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
margin: 1em;
}
size div automatically according to the content
height: fit-content
styling link based on state
a:link {...} => format link when not allready clicked
a:visited {...} => format link when allready clicked
a:hover {...} => format link when hovered over with the mouse
center the whole site in the middle
body {
width: 75%; # space which can be taken by the body
margin: 0 auto;} # rest of the space (=25%) will be splitted left and right
make media scalable
img, video, canvas {
max-width: 100%;}
show different images depending on browser width
<picture>
<source srcset="img_smallflower.jpg" media="(max-width: 600px)">
<source srcset="img_flowers.jpg" media="(max-width: 1500px)">
<source srcset="flowers.jpg">
<img src="img_flowers.jpg" alt="Flowers" style="width:auto;">
</picture>
define variable at the very beginning:
:root {
--primary-color: #047aed
}
use the variable somewhere in the css:
background-color: var(--primary-color);
no border when entering an input field
input:focus {
outline: none;
}
button attention (makes button during hovering a little bit smaller)
transform: scale(0.98);
button / picture attention (shift button / pic up for 15px when hoovered)
transform: translateY(-15px);} # shift up element for 15px when hoovered
transition: 1.5s ease; # make smooth transisition (with ease => slow - than fast - than slow again)
make a obliquely line
.element::before # define area before the element
.element::after # define area after the element
height: 100px; # define heigth for the element
transform (skeyY(-3deg); # make it oblique before / after the element
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https://fonts.google.com/
taken from google fonts for example (take fonts and then create link in upper right corner for the link
<head> # define in html in the header
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?familiy=Source+Sans+Pro:wght@300;400;700&display=swap" rel="stylessheet">
</head>
Helvetica and sans-serif are the fallback fonts when Source Sans Pro is not loading
p {
font-family: "Source Sans Pro", "Helvetica", sans-serif;
font-weight: 700; # how thick / bold the font is
}
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Using icons directly from https://fontawesome.com/
<head> # Definition in the head
<script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/bf5e040b82.js"
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</head>
<i class="fas fa-search"> # use icon in css (change size, color)
Using svg-files
put full svg-code (source) of the svg in a svg-tag
like: <svg enable-background="new 0 0 515.91 728.5"
height="512" id="Layer_1" version="1.1"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"...</svg>
change all fill="#123456" entries to fill=currentColor
put a div-wrapper around the svg-element (and probably a a-tag for a link around the wrapper too)
like: <div class="wrapperSVG"> ... </div>
format the svg: # for sizing the svg-icon with width and height
svg {
width: 1.4%;
height: 1%;}
format the div-wrapper: # for coloring and positioning the svg-icon (in the wrapper)
div.wrapperSVG {
color: var(--darkest);
display: inline;
position: relative;
top: 3px;
}
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Overview Complex Selectors see: https://learn.shayhowe.com/advanced-html-css/complex-selectors/
direct parent/child relationship
<section>
<p>hello, twitch!</p>
</section> # direct parent relationsship > child connection with ">"
section > p { # direct child connection (only the p which are direct unter section
color:red; # p is the direct child of section
}
normal parent/child realtionship
<section>
<article>
<p>hello, twitch!</p>
</article>
</section> # normal parent child connection (ignores deepeness)
section p { # all connections above (when there is a p - somewhere on a level - in the section)
color:red; # p is the grandchild of section / somewhere a child of section
}
Sibling Relationship
<section>
<p>Hello, Twitch!</p>
<p>Hello, YouTube!</p>
</section> # previous sibling + next sibling
p + p { # format is used when two <p>s are after each other
color: red; # only the second p will get red
}
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Type Selector - Select one specific type
h1 {...}
Universal Selector - Select everything
* {...}
Class Selector - Select specific class
.box {...}
ID Selectors - Select specific ID
#unique {...}
Attribute Selectors - Select elements which have the attribute "title"
Attribute selector a[title] {...}
Pseudo Class Selector - Select elements with special state (eg. first-child, hover, focus, clicked,...)
p:first-child {...}
Pseudo Elements Selector - Style a specific part of the selected element (eg. first-letter, first-line,...)
p::first-line {...}
Descendant combinator - all connections above (when there is a p - somewhere on a level - in the article)
article p
Child Combinator - direct child connection (only the p which are direct unter article)
article > p
Adjacent Sibling - format is used when a p-element is following directly after a h1-element
h1 + p
General Sibling - selects any p-element which is following somewhere after a h1-element
h1 ~ p
selects any span-element that is inside a p-element, which is inside an article-element
article p span {...}
selects any p-element that comes directly after a ul-element, which comes directly after an h1-element
h1 + ul + p {...}
select elements with class "special" which are somwhere after p which is directly after h1 which is somewhere in the body
body h1 + p .special {...}
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class is used for formating many different elements
<section>
<p class="robot">Hello, Twitch!</p>
<p id="zebra" class="bob">Hello, YouTube!</p>
<p class="bob">Goodbye!</p>
</section>
.bob {
color: red;
}
both classes have to be in the SAME element
.class1.class2 {...}
both classes have to be in the SAME element - only for p-elements
p.class1.class2 {...}
the parent-element has to be class1 and the child-element class2
.class1 .class2 {...}
the parent-element section has to be class1 and the child-element h2 class2
section.class1 h2.class2 {...}
one of the classes have to be in the element
.class1,.class2 {...}
rule is for p with class1+class2 or a with class2
p.class1.class2, a.class2 {...}
h2, which have class2+classe3 in h2, their parent has class1, and the parent is in body
body article.class1 h2.class2.class3 {...}
rule for h3 which have a parent-element aside with class aExtra
aside.aExtra h3
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id is used for formating unique elements
<section>
<p>Hello, Twitch!</p>
<p id="zebra">Hello, YouTube!</p>
</section>
can used only ONE time - only one id per element - nothing else can have this id
#zebra {color: red;}
one of the ids have to be in the element
#class1,#class2 {...}
h2, which has id=rhino, the parent has class=top and the parent is in body
body section.top h2#rhino {...}
rule for h2 which have a parent-element section with id aMilk
section#aMilk h2
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!important
.bob {
color: red !important; # with !important this style get the maximum priority / overwrites everything
} # not often used - eg. in cases of immediate urgency to show something - when a error is not found cxurrently
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https://down4kode.wordpress.com/2014/05/21/css-specificity-calculator/
defines the priority which styles can overwrite which style
priority has the style which came later - but only when the specificity is equal or higher!
1 point for tags
10 points for classes
100 points for ids
1000 points for Inline Style
1 point (1 tag)
p{}
100 points (1 id)
#zebra{}
11 points (1 tag + 1 class)
section .bob { }
1010 points (1 class + 1 other)
.bob{ !important }
11 points (1 tag + 1 class) for section1 and for section2
section1,section2 .bob { }
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overview see: https://learn.shayhowe.com/advanced-html-css/complex-selectors/
special classes which are dinamically populated as a result of user actions of document structure
a:link{...} => format link when not clicked
a:visited{...} => format link when allready clicked
a:hover{...} => format link when hoovered over it
li:first-child => Selects an element that is the first within a parent
li:last-child => Selects an element that is the last within a parent
p:first-of-type => Selects an element that is the first of its type within a parent
p:last-of-type => Selects an element that is the last of its type within a parent
div p:nth-child(2) => Select the second p-child in the div-element
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_box_model#/media/File:Boxmodell-detail.png
every element is a box - box in the middle
box has a heigth and width - eg. 100px*100px
padding outside the box - between box and border (top,right,bottom,left)
border (outside padding) (top,right,bottom,left)
margin (outside border) (top,right,bottom,left)
eg. h1, p - break to new line, fill the maximum available space, width and heigth will be respected
block boxes
eg. a, span, em, strong - will not break to new line, use only the minium space, width/heigth will not apply
inline boxes
With this statement every sizing is included with the border
*{box-sizing: border-box}
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⇒old layouting - not state of the art!
element tries to got as much up to the top - and as much left (or right according if floated left or right)
normaly everything will float to the left
example1 - without cass all the elements will be positoned from top to bottom
Positioning Content
<header>...</header>
<section>...</section>
<aside>...</aside>
<footer>...</footer>
section { # with that css-command section and aside will be on the same level
float:left; # section on the left side and aside on the right side
}
aside {
float:right;
}
section { # with that css-command section and aside will be on the same level
float:left; # section on the left side with 63% of the space and aside with 30% of the space
margin 0 1.5%; # both have a margin outside the element
width: 63%
}
aside {
float:right;
margin 0 1.5%;
width: 30%
}
footer {
clear: both; # after the float - the floats have to be cleared to get the old normal vertically float
}
example2 - without cass all the elements will be positoned from top to bottom
<header>...</header>
<section>...</section>
<section>...</section>
<section>...</section>
<footer>...</footer>
section { # with that all 3 section elements will float left
float: left # so they are horizontal alligned side by side
margin 0 1.5%; # width has to be adjusted accordingly
width: 30%
}
footer {
clear: both; # after the float - the floats have to be cleared to get the old normal vertically float
}
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css-tricks.com: Complete Guide To Flexbox
Initialize flexcontainer (parent element as a block)
display: flex;
Initialize flexcontainer (as inline-element - not as block)
display: inline-flex;
Items are placed horizontal from left to right (DEFAULT)
flex-direction: row;
Items are placed horizontal from rigth to left (main axis is horizontal and cross axis is vertical)
flex-direction: row-reverse;
Items are placed vertical top to bottom
flex-direction: column;
Items are placed vertical top to bottom (main axis is vertical and cross axis is horizontal)
flex-direction: column-reverse;
No wrapping - shows all items in one line (overwrites element width) (DEFAULT)
flex-wrap: nowrap;
Wrap elements to next line in the flexcontainer section (according to the width)
flex-wrap: wrap;
Wrap elements but start at the bottom left corner(and going from left to right)
flex-wrap: wrap-reverse;
Combination from direction + row (same as flex-direction: row and flex-wrap: wrap)
flex-flow: row wrap;
Give every element equal space / proportion
flex: 1;
One element or all elements should have 2 proportions - eg. more space for a specific item
flex: 2;
Defines the order of the specific element (if > 0 then put it at the end - when < 0 put it at the very beginning)
order: 1;
Show every item in a single line in the flexcontainer section
flex-wrap: nowrap;
Wrap elements to next line in the flexcontainer section
flex-wrap: wrap;
Combination from direction + row (same as flex-direction: row and flex-wrap: wrap)
flex-flow: row wrap;
Put elements to the max left/top (for the main axis) (DEFAULT)
justify-content: flex-start;
Put elements to the max right/bottom (for the main axis=
justify-ccontent: flex-end;
Center the elements (for the main axis)
justify-content: center;
Place elements with equal space around the elements (for the main axis)
justify-content: space-around;
Place elements with equal space between the elements (for the main axis)
justify-content: space-between;
Stretches the elements on the cross axis (DEFAULT)
align-items: stretch;
Align elements from the top or left (for the cross axis)
align-items: flex-start;
Align elements from the bottom or right (for the cross axis)
align-items: flex-end;
Center the elements (for the cross axis)
align-items: center;
Align elements on the baseline of the elements (for the cross axis) - eg. when there are different font-sizes in the flex-items
align-items: baseline;
Align individual element at the bottom or right (for the cross axis) - overwrittes the align-items-setting for the single item
align-self: flex-end;
Gives the flex-item 1 proportion value (when there are 3 items - every item gets the same space)
flex: 1 200px;
Give the element 5times the overall room - eg. 3 items get 1 spaces and 1 item get 5 spaces (8 spaces overall)
flex: 5;
Gives the 3rd item 2 proportion (item 1+2 get 1/4 of the space - item 3 gets 1/2 of the space)
article:nth-of-type(3) { flex: 2 200px; }
Overwrites the vertical position of the item in the flexcontainer
button:first-child { align-self: flex-end; }
Change the order of the first item (everything has order 0 - with 1 it goes to the very right position)
button:first-child { order: 1; }
Change the order of the last item (everything has order 0 - with -1 it goes to the very first position)
button:last-child { order: -1; }
flex-basis, flex-grow, flex-shrink (longhanded values for flex)
flex: 10 5 400px # means 10 for flex-grow, 5 for flex-shrink, 400px for flex-basis
=> flex-basis: set the basis width of the flex-element
=> flex-grow: how to deal with the extra-space (in the main axis)
=> flex-grow: when there is extra space would should be done with them - DEFAULT is 0 => do nothing
=> flex-grow: when set to 1 for one element the whole extra-space will be taken for this element
=> flex-shrink: what to do when there is not enough space when the window gets shrinked
=> flex-shrink: DEFAULT is 0 - when there is not enough space the elments get shrinked equally
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Define grid for the layouting as block)
display: grid;
Define grid as inline-block
display: inline-grid;
Define 3 fixed columns with 200px each
grid-template-columns: 200px 200px 200px;
Define 3 flexible columns with fr-units (define 3 columns with max possible place)
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
2nd way: Define 3 flexible columns with fr-units (define 3 columns with max possible place)
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
3rd way: Define 3 flexible columns with auto
grid-template-columns: auto auto auto;
Define 3 flexible columns with fr-units (4 spaces - 1st column takes 2; 2nd+3rd colujmn take 1)
grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr 1fr;
Create as many columns as will fit into the container
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));
Define gap between the elements (20 px for rows and columns)
grid-gap: 20px;
Define gap between the elements (10px for the row-gap and 50px for the column-gap)
grid-gap: 10px 50px;
Define the gap only for the rows
grid-row-gap: 30px;
Define the gap only for the columns
grid-column-gap: 20px;
Define heigth of the row
grid-auto-rows: 100px;
Define heigth of the row (100px is minimum, auto expand to fit the content)
grid-auto-rows: minmax(100px, auto);
Use for element grid-columns 1 - 3
grid-column 1 / 3;
Use for element gird columns 1 and 2
grid-column 1 / span 2;
Use for element grid-row 1
grid-row: 1;
Use for element area ⇒ grid-row-start / grid-column-start / grid-row-end / grid-column-end
grid-area: 1 / 2 / 5 / 6;
Arrange grid elements (horizontally) with equal space around every element
justify-content: space-evenly;
Same space around every grid
justify-content: space-around;
Same space between the elements
justify-content: space-between;
Center the elements
justify-content: center;
Arrange the elements on the starting left side
justify-content: start;
Arrange the elements on the ending right side
justify-content: end;
Arrange grid elements (vertically) - center the elements
align-content: center;
Same options as horizontaly with justify-content
align-content: start, space-around,...
Element spans from 1st column to thue 3rd column
grid-column-start: 1
grid-column-end: 4
Element spans from the 1st row to the 2nd row in the 3rd column
grid-column: 3;
grid-row-start: 1;
grid-row-end: 3;
Name all items
.item1 { grid-area: header; } # Name the different areas
.item2 { grid-area: menu; }
.item3 { grid-area: main; }
.item4 { grid-area: right; }
.item5 { grid-area: footer; }
.gid-container {
grid-template-areas:
'header header header header header header' # Define where the areas should be displayed in the grid
'menu main main main right right'
'menu footer footer footer footer footer';
}
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Running the page on different / smaller devices
- Fluid - everything sized with percentage (no fixed measures)
=> looks more or less good on every windows-size
- Elastic - using em and rem (em looks at the parents fontsize and use this as a base / rem looks at the html-element)
(set a standard font-size as a base for the whole document)
=> em: the change has only to be done at the one font-size decleration
=> rem: the change has only to be done at the font-size from the html
=> font-size: 62.5%; /* font-size 1em = 10px bei normaler Browser-Einstellung */
(so everything would response to the default font size from the actual user)
(only changing the font-size central when changes)
- Content Decision - Mobile First or Desktop to Mobile
=> first think about the design on mobile (and then bigger and bigger from Tablet to fully desktop)
=> or make it the other way (desktop design first and then shrinking to mobile version)
=> decide what should be shown on mobile devices and what not
=> using media queries
Make YouTube-Video responsive
.financeToolsDetail .videoContainer {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px; height: 0; overflow: hidden;
}
.financeToolsDetail .videoContainer iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 15%; # Position the video in the middle of the div-box
width: 60%; # Defines how big the video should be displayed (width)
height: 55%; # Defines how big the video should be displayed (height)
}
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smartphones: this rule get only be used when the device width is between 0 and 600 pixel
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
h1 { color: blue; } }
tablets: this rule is used when the width is greater 600px
@media screen and (min-width: 600px) {
.middle{color: yellow; } }
desktop: this rule is used when the width is greater 900px
@media screen and (min-width: 900px) {
.middle{color: yellow; } }
this rule is used when the width is between 600px and 900px
@media screen and (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 900px){
img {border: 2px solid red;} }
use the full length of the width
section {
height: 200px;
border 1px solid black;
flex: 1;
}
arranges elements in main and class bottom with flex-system
main,.bottom {
display: flex;
}
Important addition to the template-columns:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
=> enables the windows to be zoomed
(never set initial-scale to none - zooming would be not possible)
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combines the follwing 6 rules
transform: matrix(1,2,3,4,5,6);
move left/right, up/down4kode
transform: translate (120px, 50%);
change the scale of the object
transform: scale (2, 0.5);
rotate object (possible for any axes (rotateX, rotateY, rotateZ)
transform: rotate (0.5turn);
skew object
transform: skew(30deg, 20deg);
combine some transformations
transform: scale(0.5) translate(-100%,-100%)
responsible for the animation - is corresponding to a class definition (see below)
@keyframes xyzAction{
0% {transform: rotateZ(0deg)}; # at 0% of the animation nothing should change on the z-axe
50% {transform: rotateZ(180deg)}; # at 50% of the antimaton the z-axe should rotate 180deg
100% {transform: rotateZ(360deg)}; # at 100% of the antimaton the z-axe should rotate 360deg
}
define the class for the @keyframe above
.letRip{}
Name of the keyframe (puts together the setup to the keyframe)
animation-name: xyzAction;
How many times the animation runs (infinite or eg. 5 for 5 times)
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
Lenght of one duration of the animation eg. 500ms or 0.5sec
animation-duration: 500ms;
Animation is progressing linear
animation-function: linear;
Animation is progressing faster to the end
animation-function: easy-in-out;
Animation is progressing in steps (not smooth)
animation-function: step(5,end);
Possible values are runnning or pause (can be used with javacript to start/stop)
animation-play-state: running;
How long the start of the animation delays
animation-delay
Control of the progression - forward, backward, alternate
animation-direction:
Animation fill mode
animation-fill-mode
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Define variables in css
:root { # Highest possible level of setting a variable
--var1: 10px; # Define variable and initialize with 10px
--var2: #ffd166; # Define variable and initialize with color hex code
--var3: 20%; # Define variable and initialize with percentage value
}
Use variables in in css
img { # Eg. using for image-rule
padding: var(--var1) # Using Variable
background: var(--var2)
max-width: var(--var3)
}
(Changing variable in JS have a look at JS Learning Path / Cheatsheet)
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see Learning-Documentation
link
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https://learn.shayhowe.com/advanced-html-css/performance-organization/
keep selector shorthand
use no or less ids - better classes
do not use elements before classes (Bad: article.feat Good: .feat)
reuse styles whereever its possible
compress files with gzip
compress / convert images (program PNGGauntlet)
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live the selected element in the browser
select the width or heigth - press rigth strg - up/down
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https://learn.shayhowe.com/advanced-html-css/preprocessors/
Haml: Preprocessor for HTML
Ruby must be installed before
Installation of haml
gem install haml
Compile the .haml-file to html
haml index.haml index.html
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(more like a programming language with expressions, loops, if-statements,...)
Many other preprocessors like Jade, Slim, LESS, Stylus, CoffeeScript
Installation of Sass
gem install sass